Mathematics
Many civilizations made their own contributions to mathematics over the years, but it was the Mesopotamians who really got the ball rolling. The Sumerian civilization helped to develop arithmetic and algebra, effectively creating mathematical functions and terms we know today as multiplication, division, and square roots.
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One of the civilization’s crowning achievements was the development of the sexagesimal system, which was based all around the number 60. This essentially allowed the Sumerians to divide things into 360 degrees, divide an hour into 60 minutes, and divide minutes into 60 seconds, paving the way for countless developments and discoveries in the years that followed.